From the inbox
>The 14 Characteristics of Fascism
>by Lawrence Britt
>Spring 2003
>Free Inquiry magazine
>
>
>Political scientist Dr. Lawrence Britt recently wrote an article about
>fascism (“Fascism Anyone?,” Free Inquiry, Spring
>2003, page 20). Studying the fascist regimes of Hitler (Germany),
>Mussolini (Italy), Franco (Spain), Suharto
>(Indonesia), and Pinochet (Chile), Dr. Britt found they all had 14
>elements in common. He calls these the identifying
>characteristics of fascism. The excerpt is in accordance with the
>magazine’s policy.
>
>The 14 characteristics are:
>
>Powerful and Continuing Nationalism
>Fascist regimes tend to make constant use of patriotic mottoes,
slogans,
>symbols, songs, and other paraphernalia. Flags
>are seen everywhere, as are flag symbols on clothing and in public
displays.
>
>
>Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights
>Because of fear of enemies and the need for security, the people in
>fascist regimes are persuaded that human rights can
>be ignored in certain cases because of “need.” The people tend to look
the
>other way or even approve of torture, summary
>executions, assassinations, long incarcerations of prisoners, etc.
>
>
>Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause
>The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need
to
>eliminate a perceived common threat or foe:
>racial , ethnic or religious minorities; liberals; communists;
socialists,
>terrorists, etc.
>
>
>Supremacy of the Military
>Even when there are widespread domestic problems, the military is given
a
>disproportionate amount of government funding,
>and the domestic agenda is neglected. Soldiers and military service are
>glamorized.
>
>
>Rampant Sexism
>The governments of fascist nations tend to be almost exclusively
>male-dominated. Under fascist regimes, traditional
>gender roles are made more rigid. Opposition to abortion is high, as is
>homophobia and anti-gay legislation and national
>policy.
>
>
>Controlled Mass Media
>Sometimes to media is directly controlled by the government, but in
other
>cases, the media is indirectly controlled by
>government regulation, or sympathetic media spokespeople and
executives.
>Censorship, especially in war time, is very
>common.
>
>
>Obsession with National Security
>Fear is used as a motivational tool by the government over the masses.
>
>
>Religion and Government are Intertwined
>Governments in fascist nations tend to use the most common religion in
the
>nation as a tool to manipulate public
>opinion. Religious rhetoric and terminology is common from government
>leaders, even when the major tenets of the
>religion are diametrically opposed to the government’s policies or
actions.
>
>
>Corporate Power is Protected
>The industrial and business aristocracy of a fascist nation often are
the
>ones who put the government leaders into
>power, creating a mutually beneficial business/government relationship
and
>power elite.
>
>
>Labor Power is Suppressed
>Because the organizing power of labor is the only real threat to a
fascist
>government, labor unions are either
>eliminated entirely, or are severely suppressed .
>
>
>Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts
>Fascist nations tend to promote and tolerate open hostility to higher
>education, and academia. It is not uncommon for
>professors and other academics to be censored or even arrested. Free
>expression in the arts is openly attacked, and
>governments often refuse to fund the arts.
>
>
>Obsession with Crime and Punishment
>Under fascist regimes, the police are given almost limitless power to
>enforce laws. The people are often willing to
>overlook police abuses and even forego civil liberties in the name of
>patriotism. There is often a national police force
>with virtually unlimited power in fascist nations.
>
>
>Rampant Cronyism and Corruption
>Fascist regimes almost always are governed by groups of friends and
>associates who appoint each other to government
>positions and use governmental power and authority to protect their
>friends from accountability. It is not uncommon in
>fascist regimes for national resources and even treasures to be
>appropriated or even outright stolen by government
>leaders.
>
>
>Fraudulent Elections
>Sometimes elections in fascist nations are a complete sham. Other times
>elections are manipulated by smear campaigns
>against or even assassination of opposition candidates, use of
legislation
>to control voting numbers or political
>district boundaries, and manipulation of the media. Fascist nations
also
>typically use their judiciaries to manipulate
>or control elections.
>
>
>
>Copyright C 2003 Free Inquiry magazine
>Reprinted for Fair Use Only.